/* =============================================================================
   eJournal public websites - the look shared by every journal.
   Swiss bold (chosen by the owner, October 2026): a large, tightly set
   grotesk (Inter Tight) for names and titles, Inter for the interface and
   reading text, black on white, a strict grid held by thin black rules,
   numbered sections and articles, big numbers for the metrics, the journal's
   colour only as an accent, pill buttons only for the main actions, and the
   journal's code set huge in the footer. No gradients, shadows or ornaments.
   Journal colours arrive as CSS variables (--j-*) from the journal settings
   (Site.ThemeCss): main colour, accent (Submit), footer, headings font.
   ============================================================================= */
:root {
  --display:"Inter Tight","Inter",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
  --sans:"Inter",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
  --serif:"Inter",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;   /* reading text: the same family */
  --mono:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;
  --white:#fff; --paper:#fff; --bg:#fff; --tint:#f4f4f2; --tint-2:#e9e9e6;
  --ink:#0b0b0c; --ink-2:#38383c; --muted:#6c6c70; --faint:#a2a2a6;
  --line:#e2e2df; --line-2:#c9c9c5; --rule:#0b0b0c;
  --radius:2px; --radius-lg:4px; --radius-xl:6px; --pill:999px;
  --shadow-sm:none; --shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.08); --shadow-lg:0 18px 44px rgba(0,0,0,.16);
  --ease:cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1); --ease-out:cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
  --wrap:1360px;
  --j-primary:#0f5f8c; --j-primary-text:#0f5f8c; --j-primary-dark:#0b4669; --j-primary-soft:#e8f1f7; --j-on-primary:#fff;
  --j-accent:#c2410c; --j-accent-dark:#9a3412; --j-on-accent:#fff; --j-footer:#0b0b0c; --j-on-footer:#fff;
  --j-head-font:var(--display); --j-head-weight:500;
}
*,*::before,*::after { box-sizing:border-box; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust:100%; scroll-behavior:smooth; scroll-padding-top:90px; }
body { margin:0; font-family:var(--sans); font-size:1rem; line-height:1.6; color:var(--ink); background:var(--bg); -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased; text-rendering:optimizeLegibility; font-feature-settings:"cv11","ss01"; }
a { color:inherit; text-decoration:underline; text-decoration-thickness:1px; text-underline-offset:3px; text-decoration-color:color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 30%, transparent); }
a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration-color:currentColor; }
img { max-width:100%; height:auto; }
h1,h2,h3,h4 { font-family:var(--j-head-font); font-weight:var(--j-head-weight); line-height:1.08; letter-spacing:-.025em; margin:0 0 .5em; color:var(--ink); }
h1 { font-size:clamp(2.5rem,5vw,4.25rem); line-height:.98; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
h2 { font-size:clamp(1.75rem,2.8vw,2.5rem); letter-spacing:-.03em; }
h3 { font-size:1.375rem; }
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a { text-decoration:none; }
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
p { margin:0 0 1em; }
mark { background:#fff27a; color:inherit; padding:0 2px; }
:focus-visible { outline:2px solid var(--ink); outline-offset:3px; }
::selection { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.wrap { width:100%; max-width:var(--wrap); margin:0 auto; padding:0 40px; }
.muted { color:var(--muted); }
.small { font-size:.875rem; }
.xs { font-size:.8125rem; }
.mono { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.85em; }
.sr-only { position:absolute; width:1px; height:1px; overflow:hidden; clip:rect(0,0,0,0); white-space:nowrap; }
.label, .kicker { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--muted); letter-spacing:0; }
.serif { font-family:var(--serif); }
.nowrap { white-space:nowrap; }
[hidden] { display:none !important; }
.skip { position:absolute; left:-9999px; top:0; background:var(--ink); color:#fff; padding:8px 14px; z-index:200; }
.skip:focus { left:8px; top:8px; }
kbd { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.75rem; border:1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius:3px; padding:0 5px; color:var(--muted); background:var(--white); line-height:1.5; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- buttons: pills for the main actions */
/* on hover a second colour sweeps in from the left (--sweep); arrows nudge in their direction */
.btn, .btn-submit { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; min-height:42px; padding:9px 20px; border-radius:var(--pill); font-family:var(--sans); font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; line-height:1.2; border:1px solid transparent; cursor:pointer; text-decoration:none; white-space:nowrap; background-image:linear-gradient(var(--sweep, transparent), var(--sweep, transparent)); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-origin:border-box; background-position:0 0; background-size:0 100%; transition:background-size .5s var(--ease-out), border-color .25s, color .25s; }
.btn:hover, .btn-submit:hover { text-decoration:none; background-size:100% 100%; }
.btn .ti, .btn-submit .ti { font-size:1.1em; transition:transform .4s var(--ease-out); }
.btn:hover .ti-arrow-right { transform:translateX(4px); }
.btn:hover .ti-arrow-up-right { transform:translate(3px,-3px); }
.btn-submit { background-color:var(--j-accent); color:var(--j-on-accent); --sweep:var(--j-accent-dark); }
.btn-submit:hover { color:var(--j-on-accent); }
.btn-primary { background-color:var(--ink); color:#fff; --sweep:var(--j-primary); }
.btn-primary:hover { color:var(--j-on-primary); }
.btn-outline { border-color:var(--ink); color:var(--ink); background-color:transparent; --sweep:var(--ink); }
.btn-outline:hover { color:#fff; }
.btn-sm { min-height:34px; padding:6px 14px; font-size:.875rem; }
.btn-lg { min-height:50px; padding:12px 26px; font-size:1rem; }
.link-btn { border:0; background:none; color:var(--ink); font:inherit; font-weight:500; cursor:pointer; padding:6px 0; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:3px; }
.link-btn:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.arrow-link { font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; text-decoration:none; color:var(--ink); }
.arrow-link::after { content:"\2192"; transition:transform .2s var(--ease); }
.arrow-link:hover::after { transform:translateX(4px); }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- preview / utility bar */
.preview-bar { background:#000; color:#fff; font-size:.8125rem; text-align:center; padding:6px 12px; }
.preview-bar a { color:#ffe24a; margin-left:8px; }
.utility { background:var(--white); font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.utility .wrap { display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; gap:16px; min-height:34px; }
.utility a { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.utility a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
.utility .u-right { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:20px; }
.utility .u-ids { display:flex; gap:16px; }
.utility .langs { display:inline-flex; gap:2px; margin-right:16px; padding-right:16px; border-right:1px solid var(--line); }
.utility .langs a, .utility .langs b { padding:0 6px; font-size:.8125rem; letter-spacing:.02em; }
.utility .langs b { color:var(--ink); font-weight:600; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:4px; }
.utility .langs a { color:var(--muted); }
.utility a, .utility span { white-space:nowrap; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- header: one row, sticky, a black hairline below */
.site-head { position:sticky; top:0; z-index:40; background:var(--white); border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); transition:background-color .35s; }
.site-head.head-brand { background:var(--j-primary); color:var(--j-on-primary); border-bottom-color:transparent; }
.site-head.head-dark { background:#0b0b0c; color:#fff; border-bottom-color:transparent; }
/* once the page scrolls, the header turns to frosted glass over the content (site.js sets .stuck) */
.site-head.stuck, .portal-head.stuck { background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--white) 82%, transparent); -webkit-backdrop-filter:saturate(1.8) blur(18px); backdrop-filter:saturate(1.8) blur(18px); }
.site-head.head-brand.stuck { background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--j-primary) 90%, transparent); }
.site-head.head-dark.stuck { background:rgba(11,11,12,.86); }
.head-brand .head-submit, .head-dark .head-submit { background-color:#fff; color:var(--ink); --sweep:var(--j-accent); }
.head-brand .head-submit:hover, .head-dark .head-submit:hover { color:var(--j-on-accent); }
.site-head > .wrap { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:28px; min-height:72px; }
.brand { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:14px; color:inherit; min-width:0; text-decoration:none; flex:0 1 auto; }
.brand:hover { color:inherit; text-decoration:none; }
.brand img { height:44px; width:auto; }
.brand .mono-mark { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:600; font-size:1.5rem; letter-spacing:-.04em; line-height:1; white-space:nowrap; }
.wordmark { display:flex; flex-direction:column; min-width:0; }
.wordmark .kick { display:none; }
.brand .name { font-family:var(--sans); font-weight:400; font-size:.8125rem; line-height:1.25; color:inherit; opacity:.65; margin:0; max-width:17em; display:-webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp:2; -webkit-box-orient:vertical; overflow:hidden; letter-spacing:0; }
.site-nav { flex:1; min-width:0; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:flex-end; gap:12px; transition:opacity .25s, visibility .25s; }
.site-nav ul { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:nowrap; gap:2px; }
.site-nav li { position:relative; }
.site-nav a.top, .site-nav button.top { --px:11px; position:relative; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:4px; padding:8px var(--px); color:inherit; font-weight:400; font-size:.9375rem; border:0; background:none; font-family:inherit; cursor:pointer; text-decoration:none; white-space:nowrap; }
/* the line under a menu link slides in from the left and out to the right */
.site-nav a.top::after, .site-nav button.top::after { content:""; position:absolute; left:var(--px); right:var(--px); bottom:3px; height:1px; background:currentColor; transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:right; transition:transform .45s var(--ease-out); }
.site-nav a.top:hover::after, .site-nav button.top:hover::after, .site-nav li.open > button.top::after { transform:scaleX(1); transform-origin:left; }
.site-nav a.top:hover, .site-nav button.top:hover { color:inherit; }
.site-nav a.top.active { font-weight:500; }
.site-nav a.top.active::after { transform:scaleX(1); height:2px; }
.site-nav button.top .ti { font-size:.8125rem; opacity:.6; transition:transform .2s; }
.site-nav li.open > button.top .ti { transform:rotate(180deg); }
.site-nav .sub { position:absolute; right:0; top:calc(100% + 14px); min-width:260px; background:var(--white); color:var(--ink); border:1px solid var(--rule); padding:6px 0; z-index:50; opacity:0; visibility:hidden; transform:translateY(8px); transition:opacity .2s, transform .35s var(--ease-out), visibility .2s; }
.site-nav li:hover > .sub, .site-nav li.open > .sub, .site-nav li:focus-within > .sub { opacity:1; visibility:visible; transform:none; }
.site-nav .sub::before { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:-16px; height:16px; }
.site-nav .sub a { display:block; padding:9px 16px; color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; background:linear-gradient(var(--ink), var(--ink)) no-repeat 0 0 / 0 100%; transition:background-size .35s var(--ease-out), color .2s; }
.site-nav .sub a:hover { background-size:100% 100%; color:#fff; }
.nav-brand { display:none; }
.nav-tools { display:contents; }
.head-search { flex:0 0 auto; }
.nav-search { display:flex; align-items:center; position:relative; }
.nav-search > .ti { position:absolute; left:13px; color:currentColor; opacity:.55; pointer-events:none; font-size:1rem; }
.nav-search input { width:180px; height:38px; padding:0 14px 0 36px; border:1px solid transparent; border-radius:var(--pill); font:inherit; font-size:.875rem; background:var(--tint); color:var(--ink); transition:width .25s var(--ease), border-color .15s, background-color .15s; }
.nav-search input:focus { outline:none; width:260px; background:var(--white); border-color:var(--ink); }
.nav-search kbd { display:none; }
/* the header search opens to the left over the menu (the menu fades out) and never pushes the menu into the name */
.head-search { --sw:180px; width:180px; height:38px; }
.head-search:focus-within { --sw:min(460px, 44vw); }
.head-search input, .head-search input:focus { position:absolute; top:0; right:0; z-index:2; width:var(--sw); transition:width .45s var(--ease-out), border-color .15s, background-color .15s; }
.head-search > .ti { left:auto; right:calc(var(--sw) - 31px); z-index:3; transition:right .45s var(--ease-out); }
.site-head:has(.head-search:focus-within) .site-nav { opacity:0; visibility:hidden; }
/* a long menu never runs into the journal's name: the name gives way first, then the menu gets smaller (site.js) */
.site-head.tight .brand .name { display:none; }
.site-head.tighter .site-nav a.top, .site-head.tighter .site-nav button.top { --px:7px; font-size:.875rem; }
/* on a coloured header the field follows the header's text colour (dark on a light band, white on a dark one) */
.head-brand .nav-search input, .head-dark .nav-search input { background:color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 12%, transparent); color:inherit; }
.head-brand .nav-search input::placeholder, .head-dark .nav-search input::placeholder { color:inherit; opacity:.7; }
.head-brand .nav-search input:focus, .head-dark .nav-search input:focus { background:#fff; color:var(--ink); }
.nav-search-m { display:none; }
.head-submit { flex:0 0 auto; }
.nav-submit { display:none; }
.nav-toggle { display:none; margin-left:auto; border:1px solid currentColor; background:transparent; color:inherit; border-radius:var(--pill); height:40px; padding:0 16px; font:inherit; font-size:.9375rem; font-weight:500; cursor:pointer; gap:6px; align-items:center; }
@keyframes fade-in { from { opacity:0; } to { opacity:1; } }
@keyframes menu-in { from { opacity:0; transform:translateY(-10px); } }
@keyframes item-in { from { opacity:0; transform:translateY(14px); } }

/* search suggestions */
.suggest { position:absolute; top:calc(100% + 8px); right:0; width:min(480px, calc(100vw - 32px)); max-height:min(70vh, 520px); overflow:auto; background:var(--white); border:1px solid var(--rule); padding:6px 0; z-index:60; text-align:left; color:var(--ink); }
.search-box .suggest, .hero-search .suggest { left:0; right:auto; width:100%; }
.sg-group { font-size:.75rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--muted); padding:10px 14px 4px; }
.sg-item { display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; padding:8px 14px; color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.sg-item:hover, .sg-item.on { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; text-decoration:none; }
.sg-item:hover small, .sg-item.on small, .sg-item:hover .ti, .sg-item.on .ti { color:rgba(255,255,255,.7); }
.sg-item .ti { color:var(--faint); margin-top:3px; flex:0 0 auto; }
.sg-item span { min-width:0; }
.sg-item b { display:block; font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; line-height:1.35; }
.sg-item small { display:block; color:var(--muted); font-size:.8125rem; margin-top:1px; }
.sg-item mark { background:none; color:inherit; font-weight:700; padding:0; }
.sg-all { border-top:1px solid var(--line); margin-top:6px; }
.sg-none { font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); padding:10px 14px 4px; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- page structure */
main { min-height:50vh; }
.page { padding-top:48px; padding-bottom:96px; }   /* only top/bottom: .page sits on .wrap elements */
.page-hero { padding:56px 0 24px; background:var(--white); }
.page-hero h1 { margin-bottom:.25em; font-size:clamp(2.5rem,5.5vw,4.5rem); }
.page-hero .lead { color:var(--ink-2); max-width:56ch; font-size:1.1875rem; margin:0; }
.crumbs { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:2px 8px; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:22px; }
.crumbs a { color:var(--muted); text-decoration:none; }
.crumbs a:hover { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:underline; }
.crumbs span { color:var(--faint); }
.cols { display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 340px; gap:72px; align-items:start; }
.cols.left { grid-template-columns:240px minmax(0,1fr); }
@media (max-width:1040px) { .cols, .cols.left { grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr); gap:48px; } }
.cols > aside { overflow-wrap:anywhere; }   /* long links (citations) wrap instead of widening the page */
.box { background:none; border:0; padding:0; }
.box + .box { margin-top:48px; }
.box h3 { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--muted); margin:0 0 16px; letter-spacing:0; }
.facts-list { display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 1fr; gap:8px 18px; font-size:.9375rem; margin:0; }
.facts-list dt { color:var(--muted); }
.facts-list dd { margin:0; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
/* section heads: a black rule, the heading, the link on the right */
.section-head { display:flex; align-items:baseline; justify-content:space-between; gap:16px; margin-bottom:8px; padding-top:14px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); }
.section-head h2 { margin:0; font-size:clamp(1.5rem,2.2vw,2rem); }
.empty, .empty-state { text-align:center; padding:64px 20px; color:var(--muted); }
.empty-state { border:1px dashed var(--line-2); margin-top:20px; }
.empty-state h3 { color:var(--ink); }
.empty h1 { font-size:2rem; }

/* prose (pages, abstracts, biographies) */
.prose { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:1.125rem; line-height:1.7; color:#222226; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
.prose h2, .prose h3 { margin-top:1.6em; }
.prose h2 { font-size:1.75rem; } .prose h3 { font-size:1.3125rem; }
.prose ul, .prose ol { padding-left:1.3em; }
.prose li { margin-bottom:.35em; }
.prose blockquote { margin:1.6em 0; padding:0 0 0 1.4em; border-left:2px solid var(--ink); font-size:1.25rem; line-height:1.5; color:var(--ink); }
.prose table { border-collapse:collapse; width:100%; font-size:.9375rem; margin:1.4em 0; display:block; overflow-x:auto; }
.prose td, .prose th { border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); padding:9px 14px 9px 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; }
.prose th { border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule); font-weight:500; }
.prose a { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration-color:color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 40%, transparent); }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- journal home */
.sw-hero { padding-top:44px; padding-bottom:8px; }
.sw-kick { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 28px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:28px; }
.sw-kick span:first-child { color:var(--ink); }
.sw-title { font-family:var(--j-head-font); font-weight:var(--j-head-weight); font-size:clamp(3rem,7.4vw,7.25rem); line-height:.9; letter-spacing:-.05em; margin:0; max-width:none; text-wrap:balance; }
.sw-hero-grid { position:relative; display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.2fr) minmax(0,1fr) auto; gap:24px 56px; align-items:end; margin-top:44px; padding-top:18px; }
/* the black rules above the hero row and the section heads are drawn from the left as they come into view */
.sw-hero-grid::before, .sw-head::before { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:0; height:1px; background:var(--rule); transform-origin:left; transition:transform 1.4s var(--ease-out) .1s; }
.sw-lead { font-size:1.1875rem; line-height:1.55; color:var(--ink-2); margin:0; max-width:40ch; }
.sw-facts { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(4, auto); gap:0 28px; margin:0; justify-content:start; }
.sw-facts div { min-width:0; }
.sw-facts dt { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.sw-facts dd { margin:2px 0 0; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:2rem; line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.03em; white-space:nowrap; }
.sw-acts { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px; justify-content:flex-end; }
.sw-sec { padding-top:88px; }
.sw-head { position:relative; display:grid; grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr) auto; align-items:baseline; gap:16px; padding-top:14px; margin-bottom:8px; }
.sw-n { font-family:var(--display); font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--j-primary-text); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.sw-head h2 { margin:0; font-size:clamp(1.75rem,3vw,2.75rem); }
/* numbered articles on a grid */
.sw-grid { list-style:none; margin:28px 0 0; padding:0 0 0 112px; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0,1fr)); gap:56px 40px; }
.sw-grid li { position:relative; min-width:0; padding-top:14px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; }
.sw-grid li.wide { grid-column:span 2; }
/* hovering an article draws a rule above it in the journal's colour */
.sw-grid li::before { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:-1px; height:2px; background:var(--j-primary); transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:left; transition:transform .6s var(--ease-out); }
.sw-grid li:hover::before { transform:scaleX(1); }
.sw-num { display:flex; gap:10px; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:12px; }
.sw-num b { font-weight:500; color:var(--j-primary-text); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.sw-grid h3 { font-size:1.4375rem; line-height:1.12; letter-spacing:-.025em; margin:0 0 12px; }
.sw-grid li.wide h3 { font-size:clamp(2rem,3.4vw,3rem); line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
.sw-grid .abs { font-size:1.0625rem; line-height:1.6; color:var(--ink-2); margin:0 0 14px; max-width:60ch; display:-webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp:4; -webkit-box-orient:vertical; overflow:hidden; }
.sw-grid .by { font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink); }
/* the authors in article lists: small round photos, overlapping (initials when there is none), then the names */
.au { display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px; }
.au-faces { display:flex; flex:0 0 auto; padding-left:4px; }
.au-face { position:relative; width:28px; height:28px; margin-left:-4px; border-radius:50%; overflow:hidden; display:grid; place-items:center; font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.625rem; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:.02em; line-height:1; background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--j-primary) 14%, #fff); color:var(--j-primary-text); box-shadow:0 0 0 2px var(--white); }
.au-face img { position:absolute; inset:0; width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; }
.au-more { background:var(--tint-2); color:var(--ink-2); }
.au-names { min-width:0; padding-top:2px; }
.sw-grid .by a { text-decoration:none; }
.sw-grid .sw-meta { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:4px; }
.sw-grid .links { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 16px; margin-top:auto; padding-top:14px; font-size:.875rem; }
.sw-grid .links a { text-decoration:none; font-weight:500; }
.sw-grid .links a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
.sw-grid .links .doi { font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.8125rem; }
/* the journal in numbers */
.sw-stats { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap:0; margin:28px 0 0; padding-left:112px; }
.sw-stats div { padding:14px 24px 0 0; }
.sw-stats dd { margin:0; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(3rem,6vw,5.5rem); line-height:.95; letter-spacing:-.05em; }
.sw-stats dt { margin-top:10px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); }
.sw-stats { display:grid; }
.sw-stats div { display:flex; flex-direction:column-reverse; justify-content:flex-end; }
.sw-stats .yrs { display:flex; align-items:flex-end; gap:6px; height:84px; margin-top:4px; }
.sw-stats .yrs span { flex:1; background:var(--ink); min-width:10px; transform-origin:bottom; transition:transform 1s var(--ease-out) calc(var(--i, 0) * 70ms + .3s); }
.sw-stats .yrs span:last-child { background:var(--j-primary); }
/* the metrics as a band in the journal's colour, edge to edge */
.sw-band { margin-top:96px; padding:30px 0 80px; background:var(--j-primary); color:var(--j-on-primary); }
.sw-band .sw-head::before { display:none; }
.sw-band .sw-n, .sw-band h2 { color:inherit; }
.sw-band .sw-n { opacity:.7; }
.sw-band .sw-stats dt { color:inherit; opacity:.72; }
.sw-band .sw-stats .yrs span { background:currentColor; opacity:.45; }
.sw-band .sw-stats .yrs span:last-child { opacity:1; }
/* popular topics: the journal's most used keywords run across the page (they stop under the pointer) */
.sw-topics { margin-top:56px; }
.mq { overflow:hidden; }
.mq-track { display:flex; width:max-content; animation:mq var(--mq-dur, 60s) linear infinite; }
.mq:hover .mq-track, .mq:focus-within .mq-track { animation-play-state:paused; }
.mq-set { display:flex; align-items:center; list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.mq-set li { display:flex; align-items:center; }
.mq-set li::after { content:""; flex:0 0 auto; width:.3em; height:.3em; margin:0 .85em; background:var(--j-primary); font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2.75rem); }
.mq-set a { display:block; padding:.4em 0 .45em; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2.75rem); line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.035em; white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none; color:var(--ink); transition:color .2s; }
.mq-set a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.mq-set a::first-letter { text-transform:uppercase; }
@keyframes mq { to { transform:translateX(-50%); } }
/* about, most read, the current issue */
.sw-body { padding-left:112px; margin-top:28px; }
.sw-about { display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.5fr) minmax(0,1fr); gap:40px 72px; }
.sw-about .intro { font-size:clamp(1.25rem,1.9vw,1.625rem); line-height:1.4; letter-spacing:-.015em; color:var(--ink); }
.sw-about .intro p { margin:0 0 .8em; }
.sw-about .acts { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px; margin-top:28px; }
.j-facts { display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 1fr; gap:0; margin:0; align-self:start; }
.j-facts div { display:contents; }
.j-facts dt, .j-facts dd { padding:5px 0; font-size:.9375rem; }
.j-facts dt { color:var(--muted); padding-right:24px; }
.j-facts dd { margin:0; }
.sw-cols { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0,1fr)); gap:40px; }
.sw-cols > div { min-width:0; }
.sw-cols h3 { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--muted); margin:0 0 14px; letter-spacing:0; }
.sw-issue { display:grid; grid-template-columns:120px minmax(0,1fr); gap:20px; align-items:end; color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.sw-issue:hover { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.sw-issue img, .sw-issue .gen-cover { width:100%; aspect-ratio:3/4; object-fit:cover; }
.sw-issue img { display:block; }
.sw-issue > span { display:block; min-width:0; }
.sw-issue b { display:block; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.75rem; line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.035em; color:var(--ink); }
.sw-issue .when { display:block; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:8px; }
.sw-issue:hover b { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
@media (max-width:1100px) {
  .sw-hero-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }
  .sw-acts { justify-content:flex-start; grid-column:1 / -1; }
  .sw-grid, .sw-stats, .sw-body { padding-left:0; }
  .sw-head { grid-template-columns:64px minmax(0,1fr) auto; }
}
@media (max-width:860px) {
  .sw-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }
  .sw-about, .sw-cols { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
  .sw-hero-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
}
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .sw-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
  .sw-grid li.wide { grid-column:auto; }
  .sw-facts { grid-template-columns:repeat(2, auto); gap:14px 28px; }
  .sw-head { grid-template-columns:40px minmax(0,1fr); }
  .sw-head .arrow-link { grid-column:2; }
  .sw-sec { padding-top:64px; }
}
.most-read { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; counter-reset:mr; }
.most-read li { counter-increment:mr; display:grid; grid-template-columns:38px minmax(0,1fr); gap:6px; padding:9px 0; }
.most-read li:first-child { padding-top:0; }
.most-read li::before { content:counter(mr, decimal-leading-zero); font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--j-primary-text); line-height:1.5; font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.most-read a { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; font-size:1rem; line-height:1.35; text-decoration:none; }
.most-read a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration:underline; }
.most-read span { display:block; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:3px; }
.ov-actions { display:flex; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; margin-top:26px; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- article lists (issue contents, search, author pages) */
.alist { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; counter-reset:al; }
.alist > li { counter-increment:al; padding:22px 0 24px; display:flex; gap:32px; border-top:1px solid var(--line-2); }
.alist > li:first-child { border-top:0; }
.alist .main { flex:1; min-width:0; }
.alist .type { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:8px; }
.alist .type::before { content:counter(al, decimal-leading-zero); color:var(--j-primary-text); font-weight:500; margin-right:10px; font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.alist h3 { font-size:1.5rem; line-height:1.12; margin:0 0 10px; letter-spacing:-.025em; }
.alist .authors { color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; }
.alist .authors a { text-decoration:none; }
.alist .meta { display:flex; gap:4px 0; flex-wrap:wrap; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:6px; align-items:center; }
.alist .meta > * + *::before { content:"/"; margin:0 10px; color:var(--faint); }
.alist .meta .ti { font-size:.95em; vertical-align:-1px; }
.alist .links { display:flex; gap:6px 18px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-top:12px; font-size:.875rem; font-weight:500; align-items:center; }
.alist .links a { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:5px; text-decoration:none; }
.alist .links a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
.alist .links .ti-file-type-pdf { color:var(--ink); }
.alist .links .doi { font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.8125rem; }
.alist .snippet { margin:10px 0 0; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink-2); line-height:1.6; }
.alist .side { flex:0 0 auto; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:8px; align-items:flex-end; }
.alist .pages { flex:0 0 auto; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); font-size:1.25rem; letter-spacing:-.02em; min-width:72px; text-align:right; font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.pdf-btn { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; padding:6px 12px; border-radius:var(--pill); border:1px solid var(--ink); color:var(--ink); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none; }
.pdf-btn:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; text-decoration:none; }
.toc-section { margin-top:56px; }
.toc-section:first-of-type { margin-top:16px; }
.toc-section > h2 { font-size:1.75rem; margin:0 0 8px; }
@media (max-width:640px) { .alist > li { flex-direction:column; gap:8px; padding:18px 0; } .alist .side { align-items:flex-start; flex-direction:row; } .alist .pages { text-align:left; order:-1; min-width:0; font-size:1rem; } .alist h3 { font-size:1.3125rem; } }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- generated cover (no uploaded cover): a Swiss poster in the journal's colour */
.gen-cover { aspect-ratio:3/4; width:100%; overflow:hidden; container-type:inline-size; background:var(--j-primary); color:var(--j-on-primary); display:flex; flex-direction:column; justify-content:space-between; padding:9% 9% 8%; font-family:var(--display); }
.gen-cover .gc-band { display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:flex-start; gap:6px; }
.gen-cover .gc-code { font-weight:600; font-size:clamp(.8rem, 26cqw, 5rem); line-height:.82; letter-spacing:-.06em; }
.gen-cover .gc-tag { font-family:var(--sans); font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(.32rem, 4.6cqw, .7rem); border:1px solid currentColor; border-radius:999px; padding:.25em .7em; white-space:nowrap; }
.gen-cover .gc-body { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:8%; }
.gen-cover .gc-name { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:clamp(.35rem, 5.4cqw, .85rem); line-height:1.25; max-width:85%; }
.gen-cover .gc-vol { font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(.5rem, 12cqw, 2.2rem); line-height:.95; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
.gen-cover .gc-vol small { display:block; font-size:.45em; letter-spacing:-.01em; margin-top:4%; font-weight:400; }
.gen-cover .gc-foot { display:flex; justify-content:space-between; gap:6px; padding-top:5%; border-top:1px solid currentColor; font-family:var(--sans); font-size:clamp(.32rem, 4.6cqw, .72rem); }
@container (max-width:200px) { .gen-cover .gc-foot span:last-child { display:none; } }
@container (max-width:120px) {
  .gen-cover .gc-name, .gen-cover .gc-foot { display:none; }
  .gen-cover .gc-vol { font-size:15cqw; }
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- archive */
.vol { display:grid; grid-template-columns:200px minmax(0,1fr); gap:40px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); padding:16px 0 44px; }
.vol:first-child { padding-top:16px; }
.vol-h { font-size:2.5rem; letter-spacing:-.045em; margin:0; position:sticky; top:92px; align-self:start; }
.vol-h span { display:block; font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.875rem; font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); letter-spacing:0; margin-top:8px; }
.vol-issues { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(240px,1fr)); gap:28px 32px; }
.vi { display:grid; grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr); gap:16px; align-items:end; color:var(--ink); padding-top:12px; text-decoration:none; }
.vi:hover { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.vi:hover b { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.vi .cv img, .vi .cv .gen-cover { width:100%; aspect-ratio:3/4; object-fit:cover; }
.vi .cv img { display:block; }
.vi b { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.375rem; display:block; line-height:1.05; letter-spacing:-.03em; }
.vi .d { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); display:block; margin-top:6px; }
.vi .tag { display:inline-block; font-size:.75rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--j-primary-text); margin-bottom:4px; }
@media (max-width:760px) { .vol { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:16px; } .vol-h { position:static; } }

/* issue page */
.issue-head { display:grid; grid-template-columns:200px minmax(0,1fr); gap:48px; align-items:end; }
.issue-head .cv img, .issue-head .cv .gen-cover { width:100%; aspect-ratio:3/4; object-fit:cover; }
.issue-head .cv img { display:block; }
.issue-head .facts { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:4px 0; color:var(--ink-2); font-size:.9375rem; margin:4px 0 22px; }
.issue-head .facts > * + *::before { content:"/"; margin:0 12px; color:var(--faint); }
@media (max-width:640px) { .issue-head { grid-template-columns:110px minmax(0,1fr); gap:20px; } }
.issue-nav { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:40px; margin-top:64px; }
.issue-nav a { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:4px; color:var(--ink); padding-top:14px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); text-decoration:none; }
.issue-nav a:hover { color:var(--ink); }
.issue-nav a:hover b { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.issue-nav a span { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.issue-nav a b { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.75rem; letter-spacing:-.035em; line-height:1.05; }
.issue-nav a.next { text-align:right; grid-column:2; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- article page */
.art-head { padding:32px 0 30px; }
.art-top { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:baseline; gap:4px 24px; margin-bottom:22px; font-size:.875rem; }
.art-head .type { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; }
.art-top .oa { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.art-cite { margin-left:auto; color:var(--muted); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; white-space:nowrap; }
.art-head h1 { font-size:clamp(2.25rem,4.6vw,4.25rem); line-height:.98; letter-spacing:-.045em; max-width:20em; margin-bottom:.45em; text-wrap:balance; }
.art-head .alt-title { font-family:var(--display); color:var(--muted); font-size:1.5rem; line-height:1.15; letter-spacing:-.02em; margin:-8px 0 10px; max-width:36em; }
.art-authors { font-size:1.1875rem; margin:20px 0 6px; line-height:1.5; letter-spacing:-.01em; }
.art-authors a, .art-authors b { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; }
.art-authors a { text-decoration-color:var(--line-2); }
.art-authors a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration-color:currentColor; }
.art-authors sup { color:var(--muted); font-weight:400; margin-left:1px; }
.art-affil { font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--muted); margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; }
.art-meta { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px 32px; margin-top:28px; padding-top:14px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink-2); }
.art-meta b { font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); }
.doi-link { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.875rem; }
.art-bar { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px 24px; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; margin-top:22px; }
.art-actions { display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; }
.share { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; color:var(--muted); font-size:.875rem; }
.share span { margin-right:6px; }
.share a { display:inline-grid; place-items:center; width:38px; height:38px; color:var(--ink); font-size:1.05rem; border:1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius:50%; text-decoration:none; transition:background-color .15s, color .15s, border-color .15s; }
.share a:hover { color:#fff; background:var(--ink); border-color:var(--ink); }
.like-btn { min-width:72px; }
.like-btn.on { color:#d0021b; border-color:#d0021b; }
.like-btn .ti-heart-filled { color:#d0021b; }
.art-sticky { position:fixed; top:0; left:0; right:0; z-index:45; background:var(--white); border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule); transform:translateY(-100%); visibility:hidden; transition:transform .25s var(--ease), visibility .25s; }
.art-sticky.show { transform:none; visibility:visible; }
.art-sticky .wrap { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:16px; min-height:64px; }
.art-sticky .t { flex:1; min-width:0; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.125rem; letter-spacing:-.02em; white-space:nowrap; overflow:hidden; text-overflow:ellipsis; }
.art-sticky .acts { display:flex; gap:8px; }
.art-sticky .progress { height:2px; background:transparent; }
.art-sticky .progress span { display:block; height:100%; width:0; background:var(--j-primary); transition:width .1s linear; }
.art-page article.sheet { min-width:0; }
.art-section { margin-top:64px; }
.art-section h2 { font-size:1.75rem; margin-bottom:18px; }
.art-page article > .art-section:first-child { margin-top:0; }
.prose.abstract { max-width:68ch; font-size:1.1875rem; line-height:1.65; }
.keywords { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; }
.keywords li a, .keywords li span { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; padding:5px 14px; border:1px solid var(--ink); border-radius:var(--pill); color:var(--ink); font-size:.875rem; text-decoration:none; }
.keywords li a:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
/* Altmetric and Dimensions badges in the metrics box */
.badges-row { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin-top:14px; }
.badges-row:empty { display:none; }
/* the article's full text */
.fulltext img { max-width:100%; height:auto; display:block; margin:1.4em auto; }
.fulltext table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:1.4em 0; font-size:.9375rem; display:block; overflow-x:auto; }
.fulltext th, .fulltext td { border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); padding:7px 12px 7px 0; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; }
.fulltext th { border-bottom-color:var(--rule); font-weight:500; }
.fulltext .notes { font-size:.875rem; color:var(--ink-2); }
/* funders of the article */
.funding-list { margin:0; padding-left:1.2em; }
.funding-list li { margin:0 0 .4em; }
/* references, one per line, with their DOI */
.ref-list { margin:0; padding-left:2em; }
.ref-list li { margin:0 0 .7em; padding-left:.3em; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
.ref-list li::marker { color:var(--muted); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.ref-list .ref-doi { white-space:nowrap; }
/* the article's (or issue's) data as files: XML, JATS, MARCXML… */
.export-links { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:6px; }
.export-links .lbl { font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); margin-right:2px; }
.export-links a { display:inline-flex; padding:3px 11px; border:1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius:var(--pill); color:var(--ink); font-size:.8125rem; text-decoration:none; }
.export-links a:hover { border-color:var(--ink); background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.refs { font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink-2); line-height:1.6; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
.refs p { margin:0 0 .8em; padding-left:1.8em; text-indent:-1.8em; }
.refs.collapsed { max-height:340px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; }
.fold.collapsed { max-height:13.5em; overflow:hidden; position:relative; }
.refs.collapsed::after, .fold.collapsed::after { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; bottom:0; height:110px; background:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0),var(--white)); }
.bio { max-width:68ch; }
.decl { margin:0; max-width:68ch; }
.decl dt { font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink); margin-top:16px; }
.decl dt:first-child { margin-top:0; }
.decl dd { margin:4px 0 0; font-size:1.0625rem; line-height:1.65; white-space:pre-line; }
.toc-box ul { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; counter-reset:tb; }
.toc-box li { counter-increment:tb; }
.toc-box li a { display:flex; gap:12px; padding:5px 0; color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; }
.toc-box li a::before { content:counter(tb, decimal-leading-zero); color:var(--muted); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.toc-box li a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.metrics { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:20px 16px; margin:0; }
.metrics div { padding:0; }
.metrics dd, .metrics b { display:block; margin:0; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:2.5rem; line-height:.95; letter-spacing:-.045em; color:var(--ink); }
.metrics dt, .metrics span { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.license { display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--ink-2); line-height:1.5; }
.license .cc { font-weight:600; border:1px solid var(--ink); border-radius:3px; padding:0 4px; color:var(--ink); font-size:.6875rem; white-space:nowrap; margin-top:1px; }
.rail-list { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.rail-list li { padding:9px 0; }
.rail-list li:first-child { padding-top:0; }
.rail-list li:last-child { padding-bottom:0; }
.rail-list a { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; line-height:1.35; text-decoration:none; }
.rail-list a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration:underline; }
.rail-list time { display:block; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.cite-side { font-size:.9375rem; line-height:1.55; color:var(--ink-2); }

/* modal (cite, biography) */
.modal-back { position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55); z-index:100; display:grid; place-items:center; padding:16px; }
.modal { background:var(--white); border:1px solid var(--rule); width:min(680px,100%); max-height:90vh; overflow:auto; }
.modal-head { display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; padding:16px 22px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule); }
.modal-head h3 { margin:0; font-size:1.5rem; }
.modal-body { padding:18px 22px 22px; }
.close-x { border:0; background:none; font-size:1.25rem; cursor:pointer; color:var(--ink); width:36px; height:36px; border-radius:50%; }
.close-x:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.cite-tabs { display:flex; gap:20px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-bottom:16px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.cite-tabs button { border:0; background:none; padding:9px 0; font:inherit; font-size:.9375rem; cursor:pointer; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:-1px; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; }
.cite-tabs button:hover { color:var(--ink); }
.cite-tabs button.on { color:var(--ink); border-bottom-color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; }
.cite-text { background:var(--tint); padding:14px 16px; font-size:.9375rem; line-height:1.6; overflow-wrap:anywhere; white-space:pre-wrap; }
.cite-text.code { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.8125rem; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- board, authors */
.board-group { margin-bottom:56px; }
.board-group h2 { font-size:2rem; padding-top:14px; margin-bottom:8px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); }
.board-group > p { margin:0 0 16px; }
.people { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(300px,1fr)); gap:0 40px; }
.person { display:flex; gap:16px; padding:16px 0; }
.person .ph, .bio-head .ph, .profile-head .ph { position:relative; flex:0 0 auto; border-radius:50%; overflow:hidden; background:var(--tint-2); color:var(--ink); display:grid; place-items:center; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; }
.person .ph { width:60px; height:60px; font-size:1.125rem; }
.person .ph img, .profile-head .ph img, .bio-head .ph img { position:absolute; inset:0; width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; filter:grayscale(.15); }
.person .nm { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.25rem; line-height:1.15; letter-spacing:-.02em; }
.person .nm .t, .bio-head .nm .t { font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); }
.person .pos, .bio-head .pos { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--j-primary-text); margin-bottom:4px; }
.person .af, .bio-head .af { font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:4px; }
.person .nm a { text-decoration:none; }
.person .nm a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.orcid { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:5px; font-size:.875rem; }
.orcid::before { content:"iD"; display:inline-grid; place-items:center; width:16px; height:16px; border-radius:50%; background:#a6ce39; color:#fff; font-size:.5625rem; font-weight:700; font-family:var(--sans); }
.bio-btn { padding:8px 0 0; font-size:.875rem; }
.ids { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:4px 16px; align-items:center; }
.aps { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:5px; font-size:.875rem; }
.aps::before { content:"APS"; display:inline-grid; place-items:center; height:16px; padding:0 4px; border-radius:3px; background:#b5002a; color:#fff; font-size:.5625rem; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.04em; font-family:var(--sans); }
.modal-wide { width:min(760px,100%); }
.bio-head { display:flex; gap:18px; align-items:center; margin-bottom:20px; padding-bottom:18px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.bio-head .ph { width:80px; height:80px; font-size:1.375rem; }
.bio-head .nm { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:1.15; letter-spacing:-.02em; }
.modal .prose.bio { font-size:1.0625rem; }
@media (max-width:640px) { .modal-back { padding:8px; } .modal { max-height:94vh; } .bio-head .ph { width:64px; height:64px; } .people { grid-template-columns:1fr; } }
.az { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:0; margin-bottom:40px; padding:10px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); position:sticky; top:72px; z-index:5; background:var(--white); }
.az a, .az span { display:inline-grid; place-items:center; min-width:34px; height:34px; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.0625rem; color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.az span { color:var(--faint); font-weight:400; }
.az a:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.author-index { columns:3 240px; column-gap:48px; }
.author-index .letter { break-inside:avoid; margin-bottom:32px; scroll-margin-top:150px; }
.author-index h3 { font-size:2.5rem; letter-spacing:-.05em; line-height:1; margin-bottom:12px; }
.author-index ul { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.author-index li { padding:3px 0; font-size:.9375rem; }
.author-index li a { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.author-index li a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration:underline; }
.author-index li span { color:var(--muted); font-size:.8125rem; }
.profile-head { display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:center; }
.profile-head .ph { width:104px; height:104px; font-size:1.75rem; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- side menu, forms, notices */
.side-menu { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; position:sticky; top:92px; counter-reset:sm; }
.side-menu li { counter-increment:sm; }
.side-menu a { display:flex; gap:12px; padding:7px 0; color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.side-menu a::before { content:counter(sm, decimal-leading-zero); flex:0 0 auto; min-width:1.4em; color:var(--muted); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; font-size:.875rem; padding-top:1px; }
.side-menu a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.side-menu a.active { font-weight:500; }
.side-menu a.active::before { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.form-row { margin-bottom:18px; }
.form-row label { display:block; font-weight:500; font-size:.875rem; margin-bottom:6px; }
.form-row label small { font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); }
.form-row input, .form-row textarea { width:100%; padding:11px 0; border:0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink); border-radius:0; font:inherit; font-size:1.0625rem; background:transparent; color:var(--ink); transition:border-color .15s; }
.form-row textarea { border:1px solid var(--ink); padding:11px 12px; }
.form-row input:focus, .form-row textarea:focus { outline:none; border-color:var(--j-primary); box-shadow:0 1px 0 var(--j-primary); }
.notice { padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:18px; font-size:.9375rem; border:1px solid var(--rule); }
.notice.ok { border-color:#1a7f37; color:#11612a; }
.notice.err { border-color:#d0021b; color:#9b0414; }
.indexing-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(210px,1fr)); gap:12px; margin-top:20px; }
.indexing-grid a, .indexing-grid div { display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-start; justify-content:space-between; gap:16px; background:var(--tint); padding:20px; color:var(--ink); min-height:160px; font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; }
.indexing-grid img { max-height:44px; max-width:150px; width:auto; object-fit:contain; }
.indexing-grid a:hover { background:var(--tint-2); }
.idx-list { list-style:none; margin:0 0 14px; padding:0; display:grid; gap:10px; }
.idx-list li { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; font-size:.9375rem; }
.idx-list img { height:22px; width:96px; flex:0 0 96px; object-fit:contain; object-position:left center; }
.idx-list a { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.idx-list .idx-blank { flex:0 0 96px; }
.idx-list a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
.prose img:not([src]), .prose img[src=""] { display:none; }   /* old pictures the import lost: never a broken icon */
.ix-intro { max-width:680px; color:var(--ink-2); margin:-4px 0 0; }
/* where an article is (Indexed.cs): the services' own logos as links; "sm" in lists */
.art-indexed { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:10px 14px; margin-top:18px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); }
.ix-badges { display:inline-flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:8px; }
.ix-badge { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; height:34px; padding:0 14px; background:#fff; border:1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius:999px; text-decoration:none; transition:border-color .15s, box-shadow .15s; }
.ix-badge:hover { border-color:var(--ink); box-shadow:0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.08); }
.ix-badge img { display:block; height:15px; width:auto; }
.ix-badge.ix-crossref img, .ix-badge.ix-openaire img { height:26px; }
.ix-badge.ix-doaj img { height:16px; }
.ix-badges.sm { gap:6px; }
.ix-badges.sm .ix-badge { height:24px; padding:0 9px; }
.ix-badges.sm .ix-badge img { height:10px; }
.ix-badges.sm .ix-badge.ix-crossref img, .ix-badges.sm .ix-badge.ix-openaire img { height:18px; }
.ix-badges.sm .ix-badge.ix-doaj img { height:11px; }
/* every service the journal is in, under its name on the home page and in the footer (Indexed.StripHtml) */
.ix-strip { display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto minmax(0,1fr); align-items:center; gap:10px 14px; margin-top:22px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); }
.ix-strip-label { white-space:nowrap; }
.ix-badge.ix-turnitin .ti, .ix-badge.ix-ithenticate .ti { color:#d4251c; }
.ix-badge.ix-text { font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); white-space:nowrap; }
.ix-badge .ti { font-size:1.15rem; margin-right:6px; }
.ix-badge img + span { margin-left:6px; font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:600; color:var(--ink); }
.ix-badge.ix-orcid img { height:18px; }
.ix-badge.ix-bing .ti { color:#008373; }
.ix-tile-icon { font-size:2.5rem; line-height:1; }
.foot-about .ix-strip { margin:14px 0 14px; font-size:.8125rem; }
.ix-strip.on-dark { color:inherit; }
.ix-strip.on-dark .ix-strip-label { opacity:.7; }
.ix-strip.on-dark .ix-badge { height:30px; padding:0 11px; border-color:transparent; }
.ix-strip.on-dark .ix-badge img { height:13px; }
.ix-strip.on-dark .ix-badge.ix-crossref img, .ix-strip.on-dark .ix-badge.ix-openaire img { height:22px; }
.ix-strip.on-dark .ix-badge.ix-doaj img { height:14px; }
.foot-about .ix-strip img { max-height:none; margin:0; }
/* "Citations: 2" counted by OpenAlex, with its logo */
.cit { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:4px 8px; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; }
a.cit:hover .cit-n { text-decoration:underline; }
.cit .cit-n { font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); }
.cit .cit-by { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:5px; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.cit .cit-by img { display:block; height:14px; width:auto; }
.cit.sm .cit-n { font-weight:400; color:inherit; }
.cit.sm .cit-by img { height:12px; }
.most-read a.cit { display:inline-flex; font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); margin-top:3px; }
.most-read a.cit span { display:inline-flex; margin:0; }
.metrics .oa-mark { display:block; height:12px; width:auto; margin-top:4px; opacity:.75; }
.ann-list { list-style:none; margin:0 0 6px; padding:0; }
.ann-list li { padding:10px 0; }
.ann-list li:first-child { padding-top:0; }
.ann-list time { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); display:block; }
.ann-list a { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; text-decoration:none; }
.ann-list a:hover { text-decoration:underline; color:var(--j-primary-text); }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- search page */
.search-hero h1 { margin-bottom:20px; }
.search-form { max-width:900px; }
.search-main { display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:center; }
.search-box { position:relative; flex:1; }
.search-box > .ti { position:absolute; left:0; top:28px; transform:translateY(-50%); font-size:1.4rem; color:var(--ink); pointer-events:none; }
.search-box input { width:100%; height:56px; padding:0 0 0 38px; border:0; border-bottom:2px solid var(--ink); border-radius:0; font:inherit; font-family:var(--display); font-size:1.75rem; letter-spacing:-.02em; background:transparent; color:var(--ink); }
.search-box input:focus { outline:none; border-bottom-color:var(--j-primary); }
.search-main .btn { min-height:48px; }
.adv { margin-top:16px; }
.adv summary { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; cursor:pointer; font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink); list-style:none; padding:4px 0; }
.adv summary::-webkit-details-marker { display:none; }
.adv summary::after { content:"+"; font-size:1.1em; }
.adv[open] summary::after { content:"\2212"; }
.adv-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr)); gap:14px; margin-top:16px; }
.adv-grid label { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:5px; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.adv-grid select { height:40px; padding:0 6px; border:0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink); font:inherit; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink); background:transparent; }
.adv-tip { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin:10px 0 0; }
.adv-tip code { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:.9em; background:var(--tint); padding:1px 5px; }
.search-layout { display:grid; grid-template-columns:240px minmax(0,1fr); gap:56px; align-items:start; }
.facets { position:sticky; top:92px; display:grid; gap:28px; }
.facet h3 { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--muted); margin:0 0 8px; letter-spacing:0; }
.facet-list { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.facet-list a { display:flex; justify-content:space-between; gap:10px; padding:5px 0; color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; }
.facet-list a b { font-weight:400; color:var(--muted); font-size:.875rem; font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.facet-list a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.facet-list a.on { font-weight:500; color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.facet-list a.on b { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.chips { list-style:none; margin:0 0 8px; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px; }
.chips a { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:4px; padding:4px 10px 4px 12px; border-radius:var(--pill); background:var(--ink); color:#fff; font-size:.8125rem; text-decoration:none; }
.chips a:hover { background:var(--j-primary); color:#fff; }
.results-head { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; gap:10px 20px; padding-bottom:14px; }
.results-head p { margin:0; color:var(--ink-2); }
.sort { display:flex; gap:18px; }
.sort a { font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); text-decoration:none; padding:4px 0; }
.sort a:hover { color:var(--ink); }
.sort a.on { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:6px; text-decoration-thickness:2px; }
.pager { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px; justify-content:center; margin-top:40px; }
.pager a { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:4px; min-width:40px; height:40px; justify-content:center; padding:0 12px; border:1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius:var(--pill); color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.pager a:hover { border-color:var(--ink); }
.pager a.on { background:var(--ink); border-color:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.tag-cloud { list-style:none; margin:20px 0 0; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; }
.tag-cloud a { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:8px; padding:6px 14px; border:1px solid var(--ink); border-radius:var(--pill); color:var(--ink); font-size:.9375rem; text-decoration:none; }
.tag-cloud a span { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.tag-cloud a:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.tag-cloud a:hover span { color:rgba(255,255,255,.7); }
@media (max-width:900px) { .search-layout { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; } .facets { position:static; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(200px,1fr)); } }
@media (max-width:560px) { .search-main { flex-direction:column; align-items:stretch; } .search-box input { font-size:1.375rem; } }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- comments */
.comment { padding:18px 0; border-top:1px solid var(--line); }
.comment-head { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:2px 10px; align-items:baseline; font-size:.9375rem; }
.comment-head span, .comment-head time { color:var(--muted); font-size:.8125rem; }
.comment-body { margin-top:6px; font-size:1.0625rem; line-height:1.6; }
.comment-body p { margin:0 0 8px; }
.comment-form { margin-top:32px; }
.comment-form .form-grid-2 { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:0 24px; }
.comment-foot { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; }
@media (max-width:640px) { .comment-form .form-grid-2 { grid-template-columns:1fr; } }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- back to the top */
.to-top { position:fixed; right:22px; bottom:22px; z-index:30; width:46px; height:46px; border-radius:50%; border:1px solid var(--ink); background:var(--white); color:var(--ink); cursor:pointer; font-size:1.15rem; display:grid; place-items:center; opacity:0; transform:translateY(10px); pointer-events:none; transition:opacity .2s, transform .2s var(--ease); }
.to-top.show { opacity:1; transform:none; pointer-events:auto; }
.to-top:hover { background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- footer
   An invitation (submit a manuscript, in big type, and subscribe), the link columns, the journal's code set
   huge (its letters rise into view and turn to outlines under the pointer) with Back to the top, the closing line. */
.site-foot { --f-line:color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 20%, transparent); position:relative; background:var(--j-footer); color:var(--j-on-footer); margin-top:120px; font-size:.9375rem; overflow:hidden; }
.site-foot a { color:inherit; text-decoration:none; }
.site-foot a:hover { color:inherit; }
.foot-hero { display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.35fr) minmax(0,1fr); gap:48px 96px; align-items:end; padding-top:96px; padding-bottom:80px; }
.foot-hero.solo { grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr); }
.fh-kick { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; font-size:.875rem; margin-bottom:26px; opacity:.8; }
.fh-kick::before { content:""; width:8px; height:8px; border-radius:50%; background:var(--j-accent); box-shadow:0 0 0 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--j-accent) 60%, transparent); animation:live 2.4s var(--ease-out) infinite; }
@keyframes live { 70% { box-shadow:0 0 0 10px transparent; } 100% { box-shadow:0 0 0 0 transparent; } }
.fh-title { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(2.75rem,6.6vw,6.25rem); line-height:.92; letter-spacing:-.05em; margin:0 0 26px; color:inherit; max-width:11ch; text-wrap:balance; }
.fh-text p { max-width:42ch; font-size:1.0625rem; line-height:1.55; margin:0 0 32px; opacity:.72; }
.fh-sub { padding-top:0; }
.fh-sub h3 { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.625rem; line-height:1.08; letter-spacing:-.03em; margin:0 0 8px; color:inherit; }
.fh-sub p { margin:0 0 26px; opacity:.68; font-size:.9375rem; }
.foot-hero.solo .fh-sub { display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,480px); gap:24px 72px; align-items:end; border-top:0; padding-top:0; }
.foot-hero.solo .fh-sub h3 { font-size:clamp(2.25rem,4.6vw,4rem); line-height:.95; letter-spacing:-.045em; margin-bottom:14px; }
.foot-hero.solo .fh-sub p { margin:0; }
/* the e-mail field: a line that fills with the accent colour while typing */
.foot-sub-form { position:relative; display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:center; padding-bottom:8px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--f-line); }
.foot-sub-form::after { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; bottom:-1px; height:2px; background:var(--j-accent); transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:left; transition:transform .6s var(--ease-out); }
.foot-sub-form:focus-within::after { transform:scaleX(1); }
.foot-sub-form input { flex:1; min-width:0; height:46px; padding:0; border:0; background:transparent; color:inherit; font:inherit; font-size:1.125rem; }
.foot-sub-form input::placeholder { color:inherit; opacity:.5; }
.foot-sub-form input:focus { outline:none; }
.foot-sub-form .btn { min-height:42px; }
.fh-sub .rss { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; margin-top:14px; font-size:.875rem; opacity:.75; transition:opacity .2s; }
.fh-sub .rss:hover { opacity:1; }
/* link columns */
.foot-main { padding-top:30px; padding-bottom:8px; }
.foot-main > .foot-grid { padding-top:30px; border-top:1px solid var(--f-line); }
.foot-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1.6fr .9fr 1fr 1.2fr; gap:40px; }
.foot-grid.three { grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1.4fr 1fr; }
.site-foot h4 { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; opacity:.55; margin:0 0 14px; color:inherit; letter-spacing:0; }
.site-foot ul { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.site-foot li { padding:4px 0; }
.foot-links a { display:inline-flex; align-items:baseline; gap:6px; opacity:.85; background:linear-gradient(currentColor, currentColor) no-repeat 0 100% / 0 1px; transition:background-size .45s var(--ease-out), opacity .2s; }
.foot-links a::after { content:"\2197"; font-size:.8em; opacity:0; transform:translate(-4px,3px); transition:opacity .25s, transform .4s var(--ease-out); }
.foot-links a:hover { opacity:1; background-size:100% 1px; }
.foot-links a:hover::after { opacity:1; transform:none; }
.foot-name { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:1.1; letter-spacing:-.03em; margin-bottom:12px; }
.foot-desc { opacity:.65; font-size:.875rem; line-height:1.6; margin:0 0 12px; max-width:44ch; }
.foot-ids { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:4px 14px; opacity:.65; font-size:.8125rem; margin:0; }
.foot-about img { max-height:56px; margin-bottom:16px; }
.foot-contact li { display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; }
.foot-contact .ti { opacity:.6; margin-top:4px; flex:0 0 auto; }
.foot-contact a { opacity:.85; }
.foot-contact a:hover { opacity:1; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:3px; }
.social { display:flex; gap:8px; margin-top:20px; }
.social a { width:40px; height:40px; display:grid; place-items:center; border-radius:50%; border:1px solid var(--f-line); font-size:1.05rem; transition:background-color .25s, color .25s, border-color .25s, transform .4s var(--ease-out); }
.social a:hover { background:var(--j-on-footer); border-color:var(--j-on-footer); color:var(--j-footer); transform:translateY(-3px); }
.foot-text { font-size:.8125rem; opacity:.8; margin-top:36px; }
.foot-text img { vertical-align:middle; }
.foot-text p { margin:6px 0 0; }
/* the journal's code, set as large as the page allows */
.foot-end { display:flex; align-items:flex-end; justify-content:space-between; gap:24px; margin-top:64px; }
/* as large as the space beside the facts allows (site.js makes it smaller if the letters would not fit) */
.foot-mark { flex:1 1 auto; min-width:0; display:flex; overflow:hidden; padding-top:.06em; margin-left:-.05em; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:600; font-size:min(24rem, calc((min(100vw, var(--wrap)) - 120px) / (var(--len, 4) * .5))); line-height:.8; letter-spacing:-.07em; white-space:nowrap; user-select:none; }
.foot-mark span { display:inline-block; transition:transform 1.2s var(--ease-out), color .35s; }
.foot-mark span:hover { color:transparent; -webkit-text-stroke:max(1px, .01em) var(--j-on-footer); }
.foot-sign { flex:0 0 auto; display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-end; gap:28px; padding-bottom:22px; text-align:right; }
.foot-sign ul { font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:clamp(1.25rem,2.1vw,1.875rem); line-height:1.12; letter-spacing:-.03em; }
.site-foot .foot-sign li { padding:0; }
.foot-up { flex:0 0 auto; display:grid; place-items:center; width:64px; height:64px; border-radius:50%; border:1px solid var(--f-line); background:transparent; color:inherit; font-size:1.375rem; cursor:pointer; transition:background-color .3s, color .3s, border-color .3s; }
.foot-up:hover { background:var(--j-on-footer); border-color:var(--j-on-footer); color:var(--j-footer); }
.foot-up:hover .ti { animation:rise .7s var(--ease-out); }
@keyframes rise { 0% { transform:none; } 45% { transform:translateY(-140%); opacity:0; } 46% { transform:translateY(140%); opacity:0; } 100% { transform:none; opacity:1; } }
.foot-bottom { font-size:.8125rem; border-top:1px solid var(--f-line); }
.foot-bottom .wrap { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 24px; align-items:center; min-height:56px; }
.foot-bottom span { opacity:.75; }
.foot-bottom .oa { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:5px; }
.foot-bottom .by { margin-left:auto; }
.foot-bottom a { text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:3px; text-decoration-color:var(--f-line); }
.foot-bottom a:hover { text-decoration-color:currentColor; }
@media (max-width:980px) {
  .foot-hero, .foot-hero.solo .fh-sub { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
  .foot-hero { padding-top:72px; padding-bottom:56px; }
  .foot-grid, .foot-grid.three { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:32px; }
  .foot-grid > .foot-about { grid-column:1 / -1; }
}
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .foot-grid, .foot-grid.three { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; }
  .foot-end { margin-top:44px; }
  .foot-up { width:48px; height:48px; font-size:1.125rem; }
  .foot-sign { padding-bottom:10px; }
  .foot-sign ul { display:none; }
  .foot-bottom .by { margin-left:0; }
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- portal (the platform's own home) */
.portal-head { background:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule); position:sticky; top:0; z-index:40; }
.portal-head .wrap { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:16px; min-height:72px; }
.portal-head .head-actions { display:flex; margin-left:auto; gap:10px; }
.portal-word { display:flex; flex-direction:column; color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.portal-word:hover { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.portal-word b { font-family:var(--display); font-size:1.5rem; font-weight:600; line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
.portal-word span { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:4px; }
.portal-hero { background:#fff; padding:64px 0 32px; }
.portal-hero .kicker { color:var(--muted); }
.portal-hero h1 { font-size:clamp(3rem,7.6vw,7rem); line-height:.9; letter-spacing:-.05em; max-width:12ch; margin:18px 0 28px; }
.portal-hero p { max-width:44ch; font-size:1.1875rem; color:var(--ink-2); }
.journal-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(340px,1fr)); gap:40px; margin-top:28px; }
.jcard { display:grid; grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr); gap:20px; padding-top:14px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.jcard:hover { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.jcard:hover h3 { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.jcard .logo { width:96px; aspect-ratio:3/4; display:flex; align-items:flex-end; justify-content:flex-start; padding:8px; color:#fff; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:600; font-size:1.25rem; letter-spacing:-.04em; overflow:hidden; }
.jcard .logo img { width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:contain; background:#fff; }
.jcard .logo.has-img { padding:0; border:1px solid var(--line); background:#fff !important; }
.jcard h3 { font-size:1.5rem; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.05; letter-spacing:-.03em; }
.jcard .ids { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); display:block; }
.jcard .desc { font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink-2); margin-top:10px; display:-webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp:3; -webkit-box-orient:vertical; overflow:hidden; }
.jcard .foot { display:flex; gap:0; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:10px; }
.jcard .foot > * + *::before { content:"/"; margin:0 10px; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- corrections and retractions */
.nbadge { display:inline-block; vertical-align:4px; margin-right:10px; padding:1px 8px; font-family:var(--sans); font-size:.75rem; font-weight:500; line-height:1.5; border-radius:var(--pill); border:1px solid currentColor; letter-spacing:0; }
.nbadge.retraction { color:#d0021b; }
.nbadge.concern { color:#9a6700; }
.nbadge.correction, .nbadge.addendum { color:var(--j-primary-text); }
.art-flag { display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; margin:10px 0 18px; padding:12px 16px; font-size:.9375rem; border:1px solid; }
.art-flag i { font-size:1.15rem; margin-top:1px; }
.art-flag a { color:inherit; }
.art-flag.retraction { border-color:#d0021b; color:#9b0414; }
.art-flag.concern { border-color:#9a6700; color:#6b4600; }
.art-flag.correction, .art-flag.addendum { border-color:var(--j-primary); color:var(--j-primary-dark); }
.art-notice { padding:14px 0 14px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-left:2px solid var(--j-primary); }
.art-notice.retraction { border-left-color:#d0021b; }
.art-notice.concern { border-left-color:#9a6700; }
.art-notice-head { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:4px 14px; align-items:baseline; margin-bottom:6px; font-size:.9375rem; }
.art-notice-head b { font-weight:500; }
.art-notice-head time { color:var(--muted); }
.art-notice .prose > :last-child { margin-bottom:0; }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- calls for papers */
.call-card { padding:16px 0 28px; border-top:1px solid var(--rule); }
.call-card h2 { font-size:clamp(1.75rem,3vw,2.5rem); margin:6px 0 10px; }
.call-card p { color:var(--ink-2); margin:0 0 12px; max-width:60ch; }
.call-card .links { display:flex; gap:20px; align-items:center; margin-top:14px; font-size:.9375rem; }
.call-facts { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px 24px; font-size:.9375rem; color:var(--ink-2); margin-top:12px; }
.call-facts span { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; }
.call-deadline b { margin-left:8px; padding:1px 10px; border-radius:var(--pill); font-size:.8125rem; font-weight:500; background:var(--ink); color:#fff; }
.call-deadline.closed b { background:var(--tint-2); color:var(--muted); }
.call-editors { list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0; display:grid; gap:14px; }
.call-editors li { display:flex; gap:12px; align-items:center; }
.call-editors .ph { position:relative; flex:0 0 44px; width:44px; height:44px; border-radius:50%; overflow:hidden; display:grid; place-items:center; background:var(--tint-2); color:var(--ink); font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:.9375rem; }
.call-editors .ph img { position:absolute; inset:0; width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; }
.call-editors b { display:block; font-size:.9375rem; font-weight:500; }
.call-editors span { display:block; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.call-dl { display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 1fr; gap:6px 16px; margin:0 0 14px; font-size:.9375rem; }
.call-dl dt { color:var(--muted); }
.call-dl dd { margin:0; }
.call-box .call-item { padding:10px 0; }
.call-box .call-item:first-of-type { padding-top:0; }
.call-box .call-item a { display:block; font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); line-height:1.35; text-decoration:none; }
.call-box .call-item a:hover { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration:underline; }
.call-box .call-item span { display:flex; gap:6px; align-items:center; margin-top:4px; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.call-box .arrow-link { margin-top:12px; }
.call-card .type, .page-hero .type { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--j-primary-text); margin-bottom:8px; }
.page-hero .type { margin-bottom:12px; }

/* journal metrics (home side column on other layouts) */
.metrics-box .jm { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px 16px; margin:0; }
.metrics-box .jm div { min-width:0; }
.metrics-box .jm dt { font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); line-height:1.3; }
.metrics-box .jm dd { margin:4px 0 0; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:2.25rem; letter-spacing:-.04em; color:var(--ink); line-height:1; }
.jm-years { display:flex; align-items:flex-end; gap:6px; margin-top:22px; }
.jm-years div { flex:1; display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center; gap:3px; min-width:0; }
.jm-years span { display:block; width:100%; max-width:26px; background:var(--ink); }
.jm-years b { font-size:.75rem; font-weight:500; color:var(--ink); }
.jm-years small { font-size:.6875rem; color:var(--muted); }

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- narrow screens */
@media (max-width:1240px) {
  .brand .name { display:none; }
  .site-nav a.top, .site-nav button.top { --px:8px; font-size:.875rem; }
  .head-search { --sw:150px; width:150px; }
}
@media (max-width:1040px) {
  .wrap { padding-left:24px; padding-right:24px; }
  .site-head > .wrap { min-height:64px; gap:14px; }
  .brand .name { display:-webkit-box; }
  .head-search, .head-submit { display:none; }
  .nav-toggle { display:inline-flex; }
  .site-nav { display:none; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:100%; flex-direction:column; align-items:stretch; justify-content:flex-start; gap:14px; padding:12px 24px 24px; background:#fff; color:var(--ink); border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule); }
  .site-nav.open { display:flex; animation:menu-in .4s var(--ease-out); }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li, .site-nav.open > form, .site-nav.open > .nav-submit { animation:item-in .55s var(--ease-out) both; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(2) { animation-delay:35ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(3) { animation-delay:70ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(4) { animation-delay:105ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(5) { animation-delay:140ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(6) { animation-delay:175ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(7) { animation-delay:210ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(8) { animation-delay:245ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(9) { animation-delay:280ms; }
  .site-nav.open > ul > li:nth-child(10) { animation-delay:315ms; }
  .site-nav.open > form { animation-delay:300ms; } .site-nav.open > .nav-submit { animation-delay:340ms; }
  .site-nav a.top::after, .site-nav button.top::after { display:none; }
  .site-nav ul { flex-direction:column; flex-wrap:nowrap; }
  .site-nav .sub { position:static; display:block; border:0; padding:0 0 4px 14px; background:transparent; opacity:1; visibility:visible; transform:none; }
  .site-nav a.top, .site-nav button.top { padding:13px 0; font-size:1.25rem; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; letter-spacing:-.02em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); text-decoration:none; }
  .site-nav a.top.active { color:var(--j-primary-text); text-decoration:none; }
  .nav-search-m { display:flex; }
  .nav-search-m input, .nav-search-m input:focus { width:100%; height:44px; }
  .nav-search-m .suggest { left:0; right:auto; width:100%; }
  .nav-submit { display:inline-flex; align-self:flex-start; }
  .utility .u-ids { display:none; }
  .page { padding-top:36px; padding-bottom:64px; }
  .art-bar { align-items:flex-start; flex-direction:column; }
  .art-cite { margin-left:0; }
  .side-menu, .az { position:static; }
  .to-top { right:14px; bottom:14px; }
}
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .wrap { padding-left:18px; padding-right:18px; }
  .utility .wrap > span:first-child { display:none; }
  .utility .wrap { justify-content:flex-end; }
  .brand .name { display:none; }
  .art-actions .btn { padding:8px 14px; }
  .art-meta { flex-direction:column; gap:4px; }
  .ix-strip { grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr); gap:6px; }
  .art-sticky .t { font-size:1rem; }
}
/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- motion
   The layouts' head script sets html.motion (unless the visitor asks for less motion, or the browser is old);
   site.js then adds .is-in to each part as it scrolls into view, a few at a time. The list below is the same as
   REVEAL in site.js: keep both in step. Without JavaScript, in print or with reduced motion, everything simply shows. */
.motion .is-in { transition:opacity .9s var(--ease-out) var(--rv-d, 0ms), transform 1.1s var(--ease-out) var(--rv-d, 0ms); }
@media screen {
  .motion :is(.sw-kick, .sw-hero-grid > *, .sw-head, .sw-grid > li, .sw-stats > div, .sw-about > *, .sw-cols > div, .sw-topics,
    .page-hero .wrap > *, .art-head .wrap > *, .issue-head, .alist > li, .vol, .issue-nav, .art-section, .cols > aside > *,
    .board-group > h2, .person, .jcard, .call-card, .indexing-grid > *, .author-index .letter,
    .fh-text > :not(.fh-title), .fh-sub, .foot-grid > *, .portal-hero .wrap > :not(h1), .portal-list > .section-head):not(.is-in) { opacity:0; transform:translateY(32px); }
  .motion :is(.sw-hero-grid, .sw-head):not(.is-in)::before { transform:scaleX(0); }
  .motion .sw-stats > div:not(.is-in) .yrs span { transform:scaleY(0); }
  /* big titles come up word by word from behind a line */
  .motion :is(.sw-title, .portal-hero h1, .fh-title):not(.split) { opacity:0; }
  .motion .split:not(.is-in) .w > span { transform:translateY(112%); }
  .motion .foot-mark:not(.is-in) span { transform:translateY(105%); }
}
.split .w { display:inline-block; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:top; padding:0 .05em .14em; margin:0 -.05em -.14em; }
.split .w > span { display:inline-block; transition:transform 1.15s var(--ease-out) calc(var(--i, 0) * 70ms + 60ms); }
.foot-mark span:nth-child(2) { transition-delay:70ms, 0s; } .foot-mark span:nth-child(3) { transition-delay:140ms, 0s; }
.foot-mark span:nth-child(4) { transition-delay:210ms, 0s; } .foot-mark span:nth-child(5) { transition-delay:280ms, 0s; }
.foot-mark span:nth-child(6) { transition-delay:350ms, 0s; } .foot-mark span:nth-child(7) { transition-delay:420ms, 0s; }
.foot-mark span:nth-child(n+8) { transition-delay:490ms, 0s; }
/* titles in lists: a line grows under them on hover */
.sw-grid h3 a, .alist h3 a, .most-read a, .rail-list a, .ann-list a, .author-index li a, .person .nm a { text-decoration:none; background:linear-gradient(currentColor, currentColor) no-repeat 0 100% / 0 1px; transition:background-size .5s var(--ease-out), color .2s; }
.sw-grid h3 a:hover, .alist h3 a:hover, .most-read a:hover, .rail-list a:hover, .ann-list a:hover, .author-index li a:hover, .person .nm a:hover { text-decoration:none; background-size:100% 1px; }
/* covers come slightly closer on hover */
.sw-issue > span:first-child, .vi .cv { display:block; overflow:hidden; }
.sw-issue img, .sw-issue .gen-cover, .vi .cv img, .vi .cv .gen-cover { transition:transform .9s var(--ease-out); }
.sw-issue:hover img, .sw-issue:hover .gen-cover, .vi:hover .cv img, .vi:hover .cv .gen-cover { transform:scale(1.05); }
.jcard { position:relative; }
.jcard::before { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:-1px; height:2px; background:var(--j-primary); transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:left; transition:transform .6s var(--ease-out); }
.jcard:hover::before { transform:scaleX(1); }
/* the search field: its line fills with the journal's colour while typing */
.search-box::after { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:54px; height:2px; background:var(--j-primary); transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:left; transition:transform .6s var(--ease-out); pointer-events:none; }
.search-box:focus-within::after { transform:scaleX(1); }
.search-box input:focus { border-bottom-color:var(--ink); }
/* moving between pages: the old page fades out and the new one in (browsers that support it) */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference) {
  @view-transition { navigation:auto; }
  ::view-transition-old(root) { animation:vt-out .2s ease both; }
  ::view-transition-new(root) { animation:vt-in .35s ease both; }
}
@keyframes vt-out { to { opacity:0; } }
@keyframes vt-in { from { opacity:0; } }

@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce) { *, *::before, *::after { animation:none !important; transition:none !important; scroll-behavior:auto !important; } .mq { overflow-x:auto; } }

@media print {
  .utility, .site-head, .art-bar, .art-sticky, .site-foot, .preview-bar, #comments, .to-top, .toc-box { display:none !important; }
  body { background:#fff; }
  .cols { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
  .refs.collapsed, .fold.collapsed { max-height:none; }
  .refs.collapsed::after, .fold.collapsed::after { display:none; }
}

/* an open call for papers: a band at the very top of every page, and a panel right under the home page's title */
.call-bar { background:var(--j-accent); color:var(--j-on-accent); font-size:.875rem; }
.call-bar[hidden] { display:none; }
.call-bar .wrap { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:6px 16px; min-height:44px; padding-top:8px; padding-bottom:8px; }
.call-bar a { color:inherit; }
.cb-dot, .cf-dot { flex:0 0 auto; width:8px; height:8px; border-radius:50%; animation:live 2.4s var(--ease-out) infinite; }
.cb-dot { background:currentColor; box-shadow:0 0 0 0 color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 60%, transparent); }
.cb-kick { font-weight:600; }
.cb-title { font-weight:500; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:3px; text-decoration-thickness:1px; min-width:0; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
.cb-when { display:inline-flex; gap:10px; opacity:.9; }
.cb-all { margin-left:auto; font-weight:600; text-decoration:none; white-space:nowrap; }
.cb-all::after { content:" \2192"; }
.cb-all:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
.cb-close { flex:0 0 auto; border:0; background:transparent; color:inherit; opacity:.75; cursor:pointer; padding:4px; line-height:1; font-size:1rem; }
.cb-close:hover { opacity:1; }
.sw-call { margin-top:44px; }
.cf { display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.6fr) minmax(0,1fr); gap:28px 56px; align-items:end; padding:36px 40px; background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--j-accent) 8%, #fff); }
.cf-kick { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:8px 12px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--ink-2); margin-bottom:16px; }
.cf-kick b { font-weight:600; color:var(--ink); }
.cf-dot { background:var(--j-accent); box-shadow:0 0 0 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--j-accent) 60%, transparent); }
.cf-title { font-family:var(--j-head-font); font-weight:var(--j-head-weight); font-size:clamp(1.75rem,3.2vw,2.75rem); line-height:1.02; letter-spacing:-.035em; margin:0 0 14px; text-wrap:balance; }
.cf-title a { color:var(--ink); text-decoration:none; }
.cf-title a:hover { text-decoration:underline; text-decoration-thickness:2px; text-underline-offset:6px; }
.cf-sum { font-size:1.0625rem; line-height:1.55; color:var(--ink-2); margin:0; max-width:62ch; }
.cf-issue { font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:12px; }
.cf-deadline span { display:block; font-size:.8125rem; color:var(--muted); }
.cf-deadline b { display:block; font-family:var(--display); font-weight:500; font-size:1.75rem; line-height:1.1; letter-spacing:-.03em; margin:4px 0 18px; }
.cf-acts { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px; }
.cf-more { list-style:none; margin:20px 0 10px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px,1fr)); gap:14px 32px; }
.cf-more li { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:2px; font-size:.875rem; color:var(--muted); }
.cf-more a { color:var(--ink); font-weight:500; font-size:1rem; line-height:1.35; text-decoration:none; }
.cf-more a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
@media (max-width:860px) { .cf { grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr); padding:26px 22px; } .cb-when > span { display:none; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .cb-dot, .cf-dot { animation:none; } }